Hubei_Normal_University_Logo

Hubei Normal University

Province: HubeiHuangshi                               University Ranking: 2857

About University

Hubei Normal University

Hubei Normal University(湖北师范大学) is a provincial key undergraduate normal higher education institution with pedagogy, literature, science, and engineering as the main disciplines, featuring teacher education and serving basic education as the main subject. Teaching work level assessment excellent schools, national industry-educational integration development engineering application-oriented undergraduate construction universities, and Hubei province’s domestic “double first-class” construction universities.

The predecessor of Hubei Normal University was the Huangshi Branch of Huazhong Normal University, which was established in April 1973. In December 1978, the university was renamed as Huangshi Normal University with the approval of the State Council. In 2006, the university was granted the right to grant a master’s degree. In March 2016, the Ministry of Education formally approved the university to be renamed Hubei Normal University.

Hubei Normal University is located in the downtown area of Huangshi, with a planned area of 330 acres and a total area of more than 600,000 square meters. The university has rivers and lakes, mountains and water storage, green squares, winding paths, flower bed parks, pavilions, image sculptures, calligraphy and painting corridors, and other natural and human landscapes are scattered and beautiful.

Hubei Normal University has 20 teaching and research units, 10 first-level master’s degree programs, 7 professional degree master’s programs, and 68 undergraduate programs. There are 1 domestic first-class discipline construction discipline, 2 provincial-level superior characteristic discipline groups, 6 provincial-level key disciplines, 3 national-level specialty majors, 1 national-level first-class professional construction site, 17 provincial-level first-class professional construction sites, 7 Provincial Brand Majors, 8 Provincial Teaching Teams, 8 Provincial Excellent Basic Teaching Organizations.

There are 1 National Excellent Course, 1 National Excellent Resource Sharing Course, 12 Provincial Excellent Courses, 7 Provinces High-quality resource sharing courses, 3 provincial-level open resources courses, 2 provincial-level online open courses, 1 national-level comprehensive reform pilot project, 6 provincial-level comprehensive reform pilot projects, 8 strategic Hubei provinces Emerging (pillar) industrial talent training program projects, 1 national experimental teaching demonstration center, 8 provincial experimental teaching demonstration centers, 3 provincial virtual simulation experimental teaching centers, 2 provincial key laboratories, 2 provincial levels Engineering research center, 4 provincial key humanities, and social science research bases, 1 provincial collaborative innovation center, 8 provincial graduate education innovation bases.

Hubei Normal University has a strong faculty, with 965 full-time teachers, 124 professors, and 302 associate professors. There are 280 people with a doctorate and 543 with master’s degrees. Among the teachers, there are 56 specially-appointed professors such as “Chu Tian Scholar”, “Rainbow Scholar” and “Magnetic Lake Scholar”, 3 Hubei teachers, 11 people who enjoy special allowances from the State Council, and 16 people who enjoy special allowances from the Hubei Provincial Government. There are 11 high-level talent engineering candidates, 7 provincial cross-century academic leaders, 8 provincial cross-century academic backbones, 5 provincial young and middle-aged experts with outstanding contributions, Huangshi City with 13 outstanding contribution experts, and Zeng Xianzi Education Fund Award winners 5-people.

The library of Hubei Normal University has a collection of 2.8376 million books (including electronic periodicals). The library has realized management automation, resource digitization, and service networking. It has been leveled as an “outstanding library of colleges and universities in Hubei Province”. The campus network has been opened, and it is a city node unit of China Education and Research Network, a provincial-level “top ten excellent websites of universities in Hubei Province” & “advanced unit of campus network information construction”.

In the past five years, Hubei Normal University has undertaken nearly 1,000 national-level and provincial-level scientific research projects and horizontal subjects. The scientific research achievements have received more than 50 awards above the provincial and ministerial level, and 19 provincial and ministerial-level and other scientific research platforms. Teachers have published more than 300 academic monographs and textbooks and published more than 5,000 scientific research papers, of which more than 1,000 have been included in the three major searches such as SCI.

University's Program Types

Non-degree

Bachelors-Program

Masters-Program

Doctoral-Program

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ),

What is the world ranking of this University?

The Country rank of this University is 301 and the world rank is 2857.

Does Chinese universities provide programs in English?

YES, Chinese Universities provide programs in English. International Students can pursue their degrees in English taught in Chinese Universities.

Do I need to take an IELTS or TOEFL exam before applying in this University?

No, Students don’t need IELTS or TOEFL certification for getting admitted to this University but for applying Chinese Government Scholarship (CSC) sometimes students are asked for the IELTS certificate.

What Documents do I need to apply for this University?

The primary documents for applying to this University are Notary stamped scanned copies of the last Academic degree certificate and testimonial, Passport, Police Clearance Certificate and Medical Certificate.

When my offer letter come after applying this University?

Usually, It takes 4 to 8 weeks for an offer letter to come from any Chinese Universities after applying.

University's other Information

Notice

Admission is going on for March/September Intake. Interested students are invited to apply. Both semesters are open for Diploma, Bachelor, Post-Graduates, and the Doctoral program.

To get admission information or any kind of queries, please contact:

China: (Whatsapp/Wechat/Viber/IMO)

Status

Scholarships 30%
Result Status 80%
Foreign Students 45%
Positive Reviews 80%
University Ranking 85%

All Programs

Non-Degree Program:

Program Degree Duration Tuition Fees(CNY) Teaching Medium
Chinese Language Program Non Degree 1 Semester 6,000 RMB per Semester Chinese
Chinese Language Program Non Degree 1 Year 12,000 RMB per Year Chinese

Bachelor’s Program:

Program Degree Duration Tuition Fees(CNY) Teaching Medium
Economics Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
International Economics and Trade Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Financial Management Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Economic Statistics Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Logistics Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Law Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Administrative Management Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Urban Management Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Ideological and Political Education Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Pedagogy Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Applied Psychology Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Primary School Education Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Special Education Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Pre-school Education Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Educational Technology Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Information Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Digital Medium Technology Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Physical Education Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Social Sports Guidance and Management Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Dance Performance (Sport Dance) Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Chinese language and literature Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Radio and Television Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Advertising Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
English Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Business English Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Japanese Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
French Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
History Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Social Work Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Tourist Guide Service Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Statistics Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Applied Statistics Bachelor 4 Years 14,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Mathematics and Applied Mathematics Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Information and Computational Science Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Physics Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Electronic and Information Science and Technology Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Electronic Information Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Chemistry Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Applied Chemistry Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Chemical Engineering and Technology Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Geographical Science Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Natural Geography and Resources and Environment Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Humanistic Geography and Urban and Rural Planning Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Environmental Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Geographic Information Science Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Biological Science Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Biological Technology Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Food Science and Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Electrical Engineering and Automation Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Automation Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Rail Transit Signal and Control Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Industrial Design Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Computer Science and Technology Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Software Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Communication Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Internet of Things Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Art Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Visual Communication Design Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Environmental Design Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Product Design Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Clothing Design Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Music Education Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Vocal Music Performance Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Instrumental Performance Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Composition Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Dancology Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Dance Performance Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Art of Broadcasting and MC Bachelor 4 Years 22,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Biotechnology Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Financial Accounting Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Applied Electronic Technology Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Electrical Automation Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Tourism Management Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Civil Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese
Communication Engineering Bachelor 4 Years 17,000 RMB per 

Year

Chinese

Master’s Program:

Program Degree Duration Tuition Fees(CNY) Teaching Medium
Chinese Linguistics Theory Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Mathematics Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Education Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year English
Sociology Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year English
Psychology Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Aesthetics of Literature and Art Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Application of Functional and Nonlinear Analysis Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Application of Probability and Statistics Study Direction Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Biological Functional Materials and Their Application in Analytical Chemistry Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Differential Equations and Control Theory Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Electrochemical Sensor Research Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Exegetical Study Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
History of Chinese Grammar Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Individual Chinese Ancient Literary Theory and Criticism Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Chinese Modern and Contemporary Literary Theory and Criticism Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Lectures on Chinese Rhetoric Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Narrative Culture Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Supramolecular Recognition and Detection Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Study of Literature and Art Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Chinese Philology Master 3 Years 17,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Analytical Chemistry Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese
Applied Mathematics Master 3 Years 20,000 RMB per Year Chinese

Fees Details

Expenses in Hubei Normal University(湖北师范大学)

  1. Tuition fee: 
  • Non-Degree: 6,000 RMB – 12,000 RMB Per Year
  • Bachelor Degree: 14,000 RMB – 22,000 RMB Per Year
  • Master Degree: 17,000 RMB – 20,000 RMB Per Year
  1. Accommodation Fee:
  • Single BedRoom 100 RMB Per Day
  • Double BedRoom 50 RMB Per Day
  • Quadruple Room 20 RMB Per Day
  1. Food cost: 1,000 RMB – 2,000 RMB
  2. Application Fee: 400 RMB
  3. Living expanse: 2200 RMB – 2800 RMB
  4. Medical checkup: 500 RMB
  5. Insurance: 800 RMB per year
  6. Residence permit: 800 RMB per year

After you are admitted, we will inform you via email for your confirmation of acceptance. Afterward, we will issue the admission letter, JW201/202 Form for visa application. If you wish to live on campus, please complete the Housing Application form.

Prepare Your Departure:

Before your departure, be sure to take the following materials:

(1) The Admission Letter

(2) Passport (valid for at least 6 months).

(3) JW201/202 Form

(4) Official Foreigner Physical Examination Form and your blood test report. 

Be aware that the orientation is mandatory for freshman students.

Admission Procedure

Applying for any course at Hubei Normal University(湖北师范大学) is very easy. Following some easy steps, you can easily apply for your desired course. You can complete your application online by following some simple steps. 

Here is the detailed information about the required admission documents. International applicants are highly recommended to provide the following documents.

1. Passport & Passport Size Photo (Scan Copy)

Passport

First of all, you must have a passport. As we know passport is a very essential document and without this, we can not leave our country. So if you don’t have it yet, we advise you to make it from your home country as soon as possible. Moreover, if you already have your passport, then make sure that it is not expired. If your passport already expired then you need to renew it. Please note, your passport must have to be ready before your visa processing. See a sample of passport.

Passport Size Photo

The general size of the passport size photo is (50mm x 40mm). For applying in china universities, your passport size photo has to be clear and the background must be plain, white or off-white in colour. The height of the head is between 28mm – 33mm and head width 21mm–24mm. Advice to submit a colour photo which is taken 6 months before. Use a clear picture of your face. Do not use any filters and take off your eyeglasses for passport size photos, selfies or pictures with someone do not use as a passport size photo. Here is a sample of a Passport Size Photo.

2. Academic Transcript and Certificate (must be notarized copy)

Submit your immediate academic transcripts & certificate for applying. For example, if you are applying for bachelor submit your school transcripts and certificates. For Master’s Degree provide your undergraduate transcripts and certificates. When you are applying for Ph.D, you have to provide your both (undergraduate and graduate) transcripts and certificates. Transcript And Certificate are important, it help universities to decide if you have the necessary background and skills for the major. All Transcripts and Certificates must have to be notarized. You can notarize your document from an advocate who is authorized by the government.

Note: All the applicant’s transcripts and certificates must be notarized and language should be in Chinese or English version.

3. CV/Resume

You must prepare a CV or resume for applying in abroad country. CV acts as your business profile, though universities are not interested in detailed descriptions of your jobs or experience, but you have to add this. You should focus on your published academic papers, describe academic group works or extracurricular activities, relevant think-thanks, etc. Add your academic qualifications with results, personal details, personal achievement these are must for a perfect CV. Here is a sample of the CV/resume.

4. Physical Examination

Aspiring overseas students are required to take a medical examination to ensure that you are in a good physical condition. The medical examination must include all the items which are listed in the Foreigner Physical Examination Form. The medical examination result will be declared as invalid without the signature of the attending doctor and hospital stamp or seal. You must bring the original medical documents when you come to arrive in China. The Medical certificate will be carried out on behalf of The Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of Public Security. Here get a sample of physical examination.

5. Police Clearance

The police clearance certificate is known as “No Criminal Record Certificate” and also known as a good citizen certificate. Police clearance is very important for going to abroad because a foreign country does not allow any criminal records. Police Clearance Certificate is an official document approved by the police or government agencies to prove that you have no criminal offense like arrest, conviction. Additionally, a police clearance certificate is valid for the next 6 months, After 6 months of issue, it will be declared as invalid. See the sample of the Police Clearance Certificate.

6. Bank Statement

A bank statement is mandatory when we go foreign for different purposes like a visitor, a business or immigrants. These rules are not changeable for study. So, students also have to show a bank statement. China has no strict rules that only your parents have to be your sponsor. Anyone can be your sponsor. See the sample of a bank statement.

7. English Proficiency Certificate

For studying in China you must have to submit your English proficient certificate to prove your English skills. It is not mandatory that you must have IELTS, you can take English Proficiency Certificate from your school or university. Additionally, If you have done IELTS or TOFEL you can submit it. See the sample of English proficient certificate.

8. HSK certificate of proficiency in Chinese (if you have)

If you want to study in Chinese taught and want to get CSC scholarship then you must have to submit HSK certificate of proficiency in Chinese. HSK is not mandatory for English taught, but if you have it will be beneficial for you. HSK supervised by the HSK Center of Beijing Language and Culture University to judge the Chinese language skill of non-native speakers. See the sample of HSK certificate of proficiency in Chinese.

9. 2 Recommendation Letter (Ms/Ph.D.)

Students of masters & Ph.D. have to submit two recommendation letters. A recommendation letter is usually written by a supervisor, colleague, and teacher. Two recommendation letters have to be written by two-person. Make sure that the writer knows you very well and you have completed any course with them or work with them.  In the letter mention about your academic and personal traits and emphasize the strengths that are relevant to the major or university where you are applying. Have to maintain a positive and enthusiastic tone about you and include professor’s phone numbers and email addresses. Here is the sample of the Recommendation Letter.

10. Study Plan/ Research Proposal (Ms/PhD)

If you want to apply for MS/Ph.D you must need a study plan or research proposal in Chinese or English (no less than 800 words). A study plan describes in detail what you are going to do with the scholarship. Explain your main educational goal, and how you want to achieve this. And keep in mind that it is very important, that helps in an excellent organization as well as creating a sense of liability in your learning process. This document is needed only for Ms or Ph.D applicants, so please make sure that your study plan or research proposal states that information as specific as possible. See the sample of Study Plan.

11. Study Gap Certificates

Study gap certificate is an affidavit that is used to show a gap in education or further study. Gap certificate provides your statement on the non-judicial stamp paper stating the reason for taking the gap and claim that you did not take admission to any other college, university or courses during the gap year. You can get this stamp paper from any notary, sub-registry office or court and contact with an advocate they will prepare your gap certificate.

12. Application Form

Fills this form in Chinese or English language. It is essential to fill all the information that should be very authentic. Click here to get the Application Form sample.

Please send us all these documents through our E-Mail: yc_chinaeducation@163.com.

Dear applicants, If you have more queries please don’t hesitate to knock our consultants. Here is our  Consultant’s contact number : / 18852867225.

Scholarship Information

Hubei Normal University(湖北师范大学) is setting up a series of scholarship schemes to sponsor international students and scholars to undertake studies and research.

Application Requirements

  1. Applicants should have to be non-Chinese or foreigners, hold a valid foreign passport and meet the appropriate requirements of studying abroad in China. 
  2. Applicants should be  friendly to China and be in good health
  3. Applicants should have received an undergraduate program or long term language must have a senior high school diploma and are under the age of 30.
  4. Applicants should have excellent academic performance and have a good command of English
  5. Law-abiding, diligent and studious, good grades and good conduct.

Application Materials   

  1. Application Form.
  2. Scan copy of notarized highest diploma and transcripts.
  3. San copy of Study Plan or Research Proposal (800 words or above).
  4. Two Recommendation Letters (written in Chinese or English) signed by a professor or an associate professor who knows you.
  5. Scan copy of Foreigner Physical Examination Form or Blood Examination Report or notarized photocopy.
  6. Students under 18 should have to submit relevant legal documents from their guardians.

The final information is subject to the University If there is any inconsistency!

Why choose us?

Since its establishment 46 years ago, Hubei Normal University(湖北师范大学) has trained more than 100,000 graduates of all kinds, and the vast majority of graduates are rooted in the front line of basic education in Hubei Province. The university has become the backbone of higher normal education in Hubei Province and an important base for training teachers of basic education in Hubei Province. 

Standing on a new historical starting point, Hubei Normal University firmly establishes the “five development” concept, comprehensively deepens the reform of education and teaching, continuously accelerates the construction of connotation. It also promotes transformation and development and strives to create a distinctive, first-class and high-level local applied normal university to make greater contributions to China’s teacher education and local economic construction and social development.

There are 57 student organizations in the Hubei Normal University, and there are nearly 350 internship bases at home and abroad, including 1 national practice education base, 7 provincial internship training bases, and 7 provincial demonstration bases. The campus cultural activities, scientific and technological innovation activities, and college students’ social practice activities are very active, which provides a broad world for cultivating students’ innovation awareness, practical ability, and improving comprehensive quality. 

The university cares about the growth of students, pays attention to student employment, and provides courses such as “career planning”, “employment guidance” and “entrepreneurship education” for students to guide students in employment and entrepreneurship.

In recent years, the employment rate of school graduates has remained above 93%. Hubei Normal University was rated as “Advanced Group for Employment of College Graduates in Hubei Province”, “Advanced Unit for the Implementation of the Action Plan for Rural Teacher Funding in Hubei Province” and “Advanced Unit for ‘Three Supports and One Support’ in Hubei Province”.

Hubei Normal University has established long-term cooperative relations and has carried out extensive international exchanges and cooperation  with more than 40 universities and educational and scientific research institutions in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Poland, Australia, New Zealand, India, Japan, and other countries.

Hubei Normal University insists on hiring foreign teachers, well-known experts and scholars to teach and give lectures, accepting overseas students to study and study for degrees, sending teachers to study abroad, teaching and conducting cooperative research abroad, and sending students to foreign universities for further study. At present, the university has established a Confucius Institute, eight Confucius Classrooms, and a Martial Arts Center in Northern Ireland with the University of Oster. The school’s Chinese-foreign cooperative education programs are constantly expanding, and the international cooperative education system is in good shape.

Hubei Normal University provides living facilities for international students on campus. The dormitory building has 3 types of rooms. Type 1: Single room with one bed, Type 2:Standard room with two beds, and Type 3: Student Dorm with four beds. Each room or set is equipped with a bathroom, refrigerator, TV, telephone, air-conditioner, and internet line plug. There are facilities like a public reading room, entertainment room, and computer room. The Dining room and laundry are also available. The estimated cost for one meal is from RMB 5 to 8 yuan. Phone and PC Internet access are pay-for-use.